The IFDH Mission
The International Federation of Dental Hygienists is an international non-profit association uniting national organizations of Dental Hygienists, Dental Therapists, Oral Therapists and Oral Health Therapists.
By fostering leadership and collaboration, IFDH is the principal advocate for the oral hygiene profession globally and promotes excellence in oral health, education, research and practice.
About IFDH
The International Federation of Dental Hygienists was officially formed on June 28, 1986 in Oslo, Norway. The forerunner of the IFDH, The International Liaison Committee on Dental Hygiene, was established in 1973, by some European countries (including the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the UK), the USA, Canada and Japan.
The IFDH is an international non-governmental organization, free from any political, racial, or religious ties. It is incorporated and registered in the United States as a 501(c6) non-profit organization. It unites dental hygiene associations from around the world in their common cause of promoting dental health.
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August 1, 2024
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🚨 Deadline Extended! 🚨
We’re excited to announce that the submission deadline for the Innovation Awards Program has been extended! 🎉
If you’ve been working on an innovative project or idea and haven’t had the chance to submit yet, now’s your chance! Take your time to perfect your submission and get it in before 30 January 2025!
www.ifdh.org
#ifdh #upward
Resveratrol alters oral biofilm in vitro and in vivo
Objective
To evaluate the ability of resveratrol to reduce dental caries in vitro and in vivo.
Resveratrol at 50 and 200 µg/mL significantly reduced biofilm metabolic activity and mutans streptococci, respectively. Chlorhexidine was an effective treatment to significantly reduce all parameters, being an important antimicrobial and anticaries agent in vitro. Resveratrol alone or associated with NaF modulated several caries-associated bacteria in vivo.
Conclusion
The present study represents the first step regarding the use of resveratrol within the concept of acquired enamel pellicle and biofilm engineering to prevent dental caries.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0300571224006365
Welcome to the First IFDH e-Newsletter of 2025! ✨🌍
We’re excited to kick off the year with the first edition of our IFDH e-newsletter!
We share the latest news, insights, and innovations for 2025.
Visit www.ifdh.org to read more or click on the following link ifdh.org/enews/ifdh-enews-january-2025.html
#upward #ifdh
A personalized periodontitis risk based on nonimage electronic dental records by machine learning
This study aimed to develop a machine-learning (ML) model to predict the risk for Periodontal Disease (PD) based on nonimage electronic dental records (EDRs).
Based on consistent and complete EDR, ML has an excellent ability to assist with the early detection and prevention of PD cases. Further research is required to follow-up high-risk controls and improve the model's internal and external validation. Improved EDR documentation is an important first step.
Clinical significance: If such ML models become clinically applied, clinicians can be assisted with personalized risk predictions based on the individual. If the key riskcontributing factors for the individual are revealed/provided, ML can suggest targeted prevention interventions. These advancements can contribute to a reduced workload, sustainable EDRs, data-based dental care, and, ultimately, improved patient outcomes.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300571224006390
Diabetic Retinopathy and Periodontitis: Implications from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder affecting millions worldwide, is associated with microvascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and periodontitis. Understanding their interrelationship is crucial for comprehensive patient care.
While most included studies suggest an association between severe periodontitis and increased DR risk, the overall certainty of evidence is low. These findings highlight the potential importance of periodontal health in diabetic patients. High-quality longitudinal studies with adequate control of confounders are required to determine if periodontitis contributes to the progression of DR or if the conditions are merely coincidentally related.
Diabetic Retinopathy and Periodontitis: Implications from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
www.sciencedirect.com
Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder affecting millions worldwide, is associated with microvascular complications, including diabetic retin…
As we begin a New Year, our thoughts are filled with hope and anticipation of many good things to come 🙏.
All of us at IFDH wish you a prosperous 2025. May this year be your best one yet! 🎊🎉
‼️Attention all innovators‼️.
The deadline for submitting your entries to the Innovation Award is fast approaching.
You have just a few days left to showcase your groundbreaking ideas.
Don't miss your chance to be recognized for your creativity and impact. Submit your entries by 30 December 2024 to be considered for this prestigious award.🌟.
ifdh.org/programs/innovation-awards/
#upward #IFDH
Discover the International Dental Journal Supplement providing the latest knowledge on infection prevention and control in dentistry
This supplement of five papers, developed as part of the third phase of the Health and Safety in the Dental Workplace project and authored by a knowledgeable team of 12 experts in the field delves deeper into key areas of infection control protocols in dentistry. In his editorial, IDJ editor-in-chief, Prof. Lakshman Samaranayake adds: “The compilation of these articles into a single supplement will offer our readers a modern and contemporary outlook on the “hot” issue on infection control in dentistry. Hopefully, the collection will furnish timely insights to inspire behavioural adjustments and promote sound operational practices in their everyday clinical protocols.”
www.sciencedirect.com/journal/international-dental-journal/vol/74/suppl/S2
During this special time of year, we realize how small our world is, how close our connections are, and how important our relationships can be. There is so much that unites us, and we celebrate that now and through the year. From everyone at the IFDH, may you have a joyful Christmas and very happy Holiday Season. Peace and blessings to all!
‼️Innovation Award Submissions‼️ We are getting very close to the deadline for innovation awards submissions - Do not miss out - Let’s showcase and award our profession 🦷🫶🏼 ifdh.org/programs/innovation-awards/ #ifdh #upward
An Evaluation of a New Ultrasonic Water Irrigator in the Management of Gingival Health: A Randomised Study
This randomised, single-blind, controlled study aimed to compare daily adjunctive use of an ultrasonic water irrigation device to dental floss in controlling plaque and gingival inflammation in patients with gingivitis.
Daily use of the ultrasonic water irrigator resulted in significantly greater reductions in gingival inflammation (gingival index and BOMP) than dental floss after 4 weeks, whereas plaque removal was similarly effective using the irrigator or floss.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Introduction This randomised, single-blind, controlled study aimed to compare daily adjunctive use of an ultrasonic water irrigation device to dental floss in controlling plaque and gingival inflamm.....
🌟 Meet Our New Treasurer! 🌟
We are thrilled to introduce Miranda Steeples, the new treasurer of IFDH!
With her strong background in leadership and collaborative missions and dedication Miranda is committed to ensuring the continued growth and success of our organization in her newly appointed position.
www.ifdh.org
#IFDH #leadership #upward
📢 Last Chance! Great news! Deadline Extended for the IFDH Survey 🗓️⏳
We want to hear from YOU! Your insights and feedback are important to us. Please complete before December 16th 🌍🦷
project.tolunastart.com/tqsruntime/main?surveyData=ICv054z0ag47KBP3IeYSbnTYxjp+ZJQyz3InXY/JMfyvGi...
Aerosols Contamination in the Dental Practice Following Everyday Procedures: An Observational Study
The purpose of the present observational study was to evaluate the bacterial load in the air following various dental procedures.
Routine professional oral hygiene procedures do not increase air contamination. However, cavity excavation with LVE creates a significantly higher bacterial count in the air.
Aerosols Contamination in the Dental Practice Following Everyday Procedures: An Observational Study
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Objective The purpose of the present observational study was to evaluate the bacterial load in the air following various dental procedures. Methods Air contamination following seven aerosol-genera...
Introducing the New Secretary of IFDH! 🌟
We are excited to welcome Carmen Lanoway as the new Secretary of the International Federation of Dental Hygienists! With a deep passion for oral health education and patient care, Carmen is committed in sharing her professional experience and interest within the IFDH organisation. 🦷🫶🏼
www.ifdh.org
#IFDH #leadership #upward
🌟Meet the Vice President of the IFDH 🌟
We are excited to introduce Sharon Friedman Yaniv who has recently stepped into the role of Vice President of IFDH.
With a passion for advancing oral health worldwide, Sharon brings a wealth of knowledge, leadership, and a commitment to the profession.
www.ifdh.org
#IFDH #leadership #upward
⏰ IFDH Survey deadline fast approaching
📝 Please complete the survey today, and don't forget to pass it along to your colleagues:
project.tolunastart.com/tqsruntime/main?surveyData=ICv054z0ag47KBP3IeYSbnTYxjp+ZJQyz3InXY%2FJMfyv...
🙏. We’ll be sharing the results soon...
Our voices count. We shape a better future for oral health❗️
#ifdh #ifdhsurvey #upward
Evidence-based approaches and considerations for nonrestorative treatments within modern caries management
A high level of scientific evidence supports several nonrestorative strategies for the control of caries, with the goal of reducing progression of mineral loss and arresting existing lesions. The authors provide an overview of evidence for nonrestorative caries control and considerations in the decision making for selecting nonrestorative options.
Effective nonrestorative strategies should be used to manage active, noncavitated caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth, and can be considered for managing active cavitated lesions when restorative intervention is not feasible. These lesion-centered interventions should be part of the required overall management of the caries disease process and existing modifiable risk variables at the patient level. They must be monitored over time and reapplied periodically, as needed.
jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(24)00517-8/fulltext
🌍 Today is the International Day of Persons with Disabilities! 🧩
Today is the International Day of Persons with Disabilities, a day to highlight the importance of understanding and addressing disability issues. It's a reminder that everyone deserves equal rights and access to opportunities.
Oral health is a vital part of overall well-being, yet many individuals with disabilities encounter specific challenges in accessing dental care. It's crucial that we advocate for inclusive and accessible oral health services that meet the diverse needs of all people.
On this important day, let’s recognize the essential roles that dental hygienists, dental therapists, and other oral health professionals play in supporting individuals with disabilities. By collaborating and raising awareness, we can help create a more inclusive environment where everyone can access the dental care necessary for a healthier life!
#ifdh #upward #StayConnected
🩺 World AIDS Day: The Connection Between HIV/AIDS and Oral Health 🌍
Today is World AIDS Day, a time to reflect on the important link between HIV/AIDS and oral health. Research shows that individuals living with HIV are at a greater risk for oral health issues, such as gum disease and infections. Conversely, poor oral health can negatively impact overall health and complicate HIV treatment.
To protect your health, it’s essential to visit your dental hygienist, dental therapist, oral therapist, or dentist regularly. These visits play a crucial role in maintaining good oral hygiene and preventing infections.
This World AIDS Day, let’s prioritize our oral health and raise awareness about HIV/AIDS. Together, we can make a difference! 💪
#ifdh #upward #StayConnected
This global gathering is an incredible opportunity for dental professionals to collaborate, share knowledge, and advocate for the future of oral health worldwide.
We are very blessed to have Jill representing our profession and making contributions with her profound leadership expertise in Bangkok
#WHO #IFDH #upward
Stay tuned for more updates
A Message from Bangkok! 🌟.
We are thrilled to have the President IFDH, Jill Rethman representing our global community at the World Health Organization's Global Oral Health Meetings in Bangkok! 🦷 #IFDH #upward
Does Periodontitis Increase the Risk for Future Cardiovascular Events? Long-Term Follow-Up of the PAROKRANK Study
In a study published in the Journal of Clinical Periodontology, researchers categorized 1,587 patients who underwent dental examinations that included panoramic radiographs between 2010 and 2014 into three groups on the basis of their periodontal health: healthy, mild/moderate and severe. They then followed-up with the patients for subsequent adverse cardiovascular events such as nonfatal heart attacks or strokes, heart failure and all-cause mortality.
The PAROKRANK follow-up revealed that CV events were more common among participants with PD, which supports the assumption that there might be a direct relation between PD and CV disease.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpe.14064
The first-ever global oral health meeting organized by
@WHO in #Thailand highlights #UHC by 2030. Delegations from over 110 countries are coming together to produce national roadmaps and negotiate a joint declaration on oral health #UHCforAll #NCDs #GOHAP.
IFDH is represented by President Jill Rethman.
"There is no health without oral health."
See the video here from Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of WHO.
x.com/benoit_varenne/status/1861472605632364858
📍WHO global oral health meeting📢
Universal health coverage for oral health by 2030
All plenaries and high-level segment of the meeting will be broadcast on the WHO meeting webpage:
www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2024/11/26/default-calendar/who-global-oral-health-meeting--u...
💡For those on US East Coast time, note the opening will be at 9:00 pm tonight (Nov. 25). That is 9:00 am in Bangkok (Nov. 26)
Exciting Website Updates from IFDH! 🌐
We're thrilled to announce some exciting new updates on the IFDH website! 🎉 Whether you're a member or just interested in learning more about the world of oral health, explore some updated news:
🔹 Updated Mission statement: We are thrilled to announce that Oral Therapists, Oral Health Therapists and Dental Therapists are now officially part of the IFDH mission and organization! 🎉 By including Oral Health Therapists and Dental Therapists in our community, we are further strengthening our commitment to advancing the profession and ensuring comprehensive care for patients worldwide. 🔹 About Us Video and IFDH updates: Have a look at the exciting updated IFDH About Us video and follow the home page with all latest IFDH updates. Visit us now at www.ifdh.org to explore the new updates!☺️ #IFDH #upward #StayConnected
🌟 Exciting News! 🌟
We are thrilled to introduce Fouzieh Eliassy, the new President-Elect of the International Federation of Dental Hygienists (IFDH)! Her well established leadership skills over the years brings a wealth of experience and vision to this vital role.
www.ifdh.org
#IFDH #leadership #upward
Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Infective Endocarditis Incidence Following Invasive Dental Procedures - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Key Points
Question Is antibiotic prophylaxis associated with decreased risk of infective endocarditis after invasive dental procedures?
Findings This systematic review and meta-analysis including data on 1 152 345 cases of infective endocarditis found that antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with a reduced risk of infective endocarditis following invasive dental procedures in individuals at high risk but not in those at moderate or low/unknown risk.
Meaning These findings support the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for individuals at high risk undergoing invasive dental procedures, supporting current American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology guidelines.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Infective Endocarditis Incidence Following Invasive Dental Procedures
jamanetwork.com
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates associations between antibiotic prophylaxis and infective endocarditis following invasive dental procedures.
📢 New IFDH Survey: PREVENTION – What's Best for the Patient?
Be part of shaping the future of preventive care in oral health! 🌍
The IFDH is excited to launch its 10th Global Survey, focused on understanding practices and beliefs around preventive care. Your input will help drive positive change and innovation worldwide.
🗓 Please complete the survey by Monday, December 9th.
project.tolunastart.com/tqsruntime/main?surveyData=ICv054z0ag47KBP3IeYSbnTYxjp+ZJQyz3InXY/JMfyvGi...
A special thank you to P&G for their continued support in advancing oral health with initiatives as this 🙏
#crestoralbpro #ifdh #upward #dentalhygienists #dentaltherapists #oraltherapists #oralhealth
‼️Innovation Award Submissions are open ‼️ Submit before the 30th of December 2024 at
ifdh.org/programs/innovation-awards/
#upward #IFDH
📍Diabetes and oral health – a strong, bidirectional connection that significantly impacts overall health📍.
Research shows that diabetes increases the risk of periodontal disease and oral infections, while gum disease can, in turn, affect blood sugar levels, complicating diabetes management. Regular visits to a dental hygienist, dental therapist, oral therapist, or dentist are essential for maintaining healthy gums, preventing inflammation, and reducing associated health risks🪥🦷.
On this World Diabetes Day, take time to focus on your oral health, for balanced and optimal overall well-being.🌟
This is National Diabetes Month
Delayed oral health care due to cost among US adults with diabetes, 2018-2019
Although untreated periodontitis increases the risk of developing diabetic complications, people with diabetes are less likely to use dental services. The authors estimated the prevalence of reporting delayed needed oral health care due to cost and associated risk indicators by diabetes status.
Despite guidelines, factors other than biology and perceived need may impede access to oral health care for people with diabetes.
jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(24)00449-5/fulltext
💫Flashback Memories from ISDH 2024💫
The 2024 International Symposium on Dental Hygiene (ISDH) brought together dental hygienists and professionals from over 32 countries in Seoul, Korea, to share the latest research and insights. The event featured various academic programs and exhibitions, fostering global collaboration in dental hygiene.
We look forward to the next symposium in Milan, Italy in 2026 🇮🇹!
#upward #IFDH #isdh2024 #isdh2026
Exciting News ✍🏻
The IFDH Innovation Awards program, sponsored by Haleon, recognizes innovative Dental Hygienists with a focus on technology and treatment.
Visit the IFDH website for more information and submit here 👉 ifdh.org/programs/innovation-awards/ before the deadline (30 December 2024)
#upward #IFDH
This IFDH White Paper identifies roles for dental hygienists in prenatal oral health care and discusses opportunities and strategies for them to promote oral health for pregnant patients in clinical, community, and educational settings.
Click on the link to read more:
ifdh.org/programs/white-paper-series/
#upward #IFDH
This is Diabetes Awareness Month!
Screening of undiagnosed hyperglycaemia in the dental setting:
The DiabetRisk study. A field trial.
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of different screening protocols for undiagnosed hyper
glycaemia in a Research Network of Dental Clinics coordinated by the Spanish Society
of Periodontology (SEPA).
The tested protocol, combining the FINDRISC questionnaire and a point
of-care HbA1c, showed to be feasible when carried out in a dental clinic setting and
was efficient to identify subjects with undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes.
sepa.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/DiabetRisk-Final-Publication.pdf
Impact of Mouthwash-Induced Oral Microbiome Disruption on Alzheimer's Disease Risk: A Perspective Review
While indirect evidence suggests a potential link between mouthwash use, oral microbiome disruption, and increased risk of AD, there are no direct studies conclusively proving this connection. The body of available research highlights the importance of oral health and its impact on systemic health, including cardiovascular health and cognitive function. However, to establish a direct causal relationship, there is an urgent need for longitudinal and cohort studies that can provide more definitive evidence. Future research should focus on long-term studies that track the use of mouthwashes, changes in the oral microbiome, blood pressure regulation, and cognitive health-related outcomes over time.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020653924001977?dgcid=raven_sd_aip_email
Patient's experiences of dental implants, peri-implantitis and its treatment-A qualitative interview study - Open Access
The aim of the present study was to explore peri-implantitis patients' sensations, expectations, and experiences of dental implants, the disease, as well as undergoing treatment with laser or mucosal flap surgery.
There were a variety of positive and negative sensations and experiences perceived by patients with dental implants as a consequence of peri-implantitis, including a negative impact on quality of life. These findings emphasize the importance of thoroughly informing the potential and established dental implant patients of the risk of developing disease and its impact. The treatment of peri-implantitis created in general only slight discomfort for the patient.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Objectives The aim of the present study was to explore peri-implantitis patients' sensations, expectations, and experiences of dental implants, the disease, as well as undergoing treatment with lase.....
🌟 Exciting News! 🌟
We are thrilled to introduce Jill Rethman, the new President of the International Federation of Dental Hygienists (IFDH)! With a passion for advancing the dental hygiene profession and a commitment to global health, building relationships she brings a wealth of experience and vision to this vital role.
#IFDH #leadership #upward
Dental caries and salivary alterations in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
The association between dental caries, salivary alterations, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is inconclusive. This systematic review evaluated the caries status and salivary alterations in adults with T2D.
Conclusions - Type 2 diabetes may lead to an increased index of dental caries and a reduction in salivary flow rate, salivary pH, and salivary buffering capacity in adults.
Clinical significance - Individuals with type 2 diabetes exhibit an elevated risk of dental caries and salivary alterations that facilitate the progression of dental caries. It is recommended that dentists and endocrinologists focus their attention on the oral health of this population.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0300571224004901
🌟Sneak Peak Alert 🌟
Meet The IFDH NEW BOARD of DIRECTORS !
We are excited to give you an exclusive look at our newly elected Board of Directors! These dynamic leaders are ready to guide the IFDH into a new era of success and innovation.
Follow us on the journey for the next few days by welcoming the New Board of Directors!
#newboardofdirectors #IFDH #upward
Join us on the 14th of October 2024 to promote World Cavity Free Future Day 😁
Message from Jill Rethman, President of IFDH:
“On behalf of the IFDH and our over 30 member countries, we support our partners at the ACFF on promoting a caries-free world.”
#WCFFDAY2024 #WCFF #ACFF #IFDH 🦷
Follow the World-Cavity Free Future Day 👇🏻
www.acffglobal.org/wcffday-2/
🧠Today is World Mental Health Day🧠
Mental health is just as important as physical health—and that includes oral health, too!
A healthy smile doesn’t only reflect good oral care, it’s also a reflection of overall well-being. 🌟
Stress, anxiety, and depression can affect oral health habits, leading to issues like teeth grinding, dry mouth, or neglecting hygiene routines.
This World Mental Health Day, take a moment to check in with yourself and your loved ones. Prioritize self-care, seek support when needed, and remember that your mental health is a vital part of your overall wellness.
*A healthy mind and a healthy smile go hand in hand* 💙✨
#WorldMentalHealthDay #MentalHealthAwareness #OralHealth #IFDH #HealthAndWellbeing
Oral Health-Related Complications of Breast Cancer Treatment: Assessing Dental Hygienists’ Knowledge and Professional Practice
Approximately 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer in the U.S. every year. These patients commonly suffer from oral complications of their cancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to assess dental hygienists’ knowledge and professional practice related to providing care for breast cancer patients.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Approximately 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer in the U.S. every year. These patients commonly suffer from oral complications of their cancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to as...
October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month 🎀
Early detection can be life-saving!
As we shine a light on the importance of screenings, let’s also recognize the impact of breast cancer treatment on oral health and the need for comprehensive care.
🪥🦷💗
This October, we honor the fighters, survivors, and those we’ve lost by raising awareness for early detection and the role of oral health in supporting well-being throughout the cancer journey 🙏
Together, let’s support health, hope, and healing—one smile at a time. 💪💗
#BreastCancerAwareness #OralHealth #IFDH
the IFDH eNews is out! Read the President's Report here.
IFDH President's Report - September 2024 - The Internation Federation of Dental Hygienists
ifdh.org
IFDH President’s Report: September 2024 Greetings, IFDH Members! “If we are to prosper together in our increasingly small world, we must listen to and learn from each other’s stories” ~ Queen ...
✨ Happy World Smile Day! 😃
World Smile Day represents a time to reflect on the power of kindness, the impact of a smile, and the health benefits that smiling and laughter bring to individuals and communities. 😊🌟
As dental professionals, we know that a healthy smile begins with good oral hygiene.
Let’s inspire others to prioritize their oral health and share smiles that spread joy, optimism, and hope for a brighter future. 💙🦷🪥🙏
#worldsmileday #hygienistssmile #upward #ifdh
Development and External Validation of a Multivariable Prediction Model to Identify Nondiabetic Hyperglycemia and Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Diabetes Risk Assessment in Dentistry Score (DDS)
BIRMINGHAM, England: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic conditions in Europe and is strongly associated with periodontitis. An estimated one in three people with diabetes are undiagnosed, totalling more than one million undiagnosed patients in the UK alone. Seeking to help improve diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes in such patients, researchers in the UK are working on a new study, called INDICATE-2, to validate routine diabetes screening during oral health check-ups.
The study, being conducted by researchers at the University of Birmingham, has received funding from Haleon, a global consumer health company, and the support of the UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre.
journals.sagepub.com
The aim of this study was to develop and externally validate a score for use in dental settings to identify those at risk of undiagnosed nondiabetic hyperglycem...
Efficacy of a water flosser compared to an interdental brush on gingival bleeding and gingival abrasion: A 4 week randomized controlled trial - Open Access
To determine the efficacy of a water flosser (WF) compared to an interdental brush (IDB) in reducing gingival inflammation. Additionally, the products were compared on the incidence of gingival abrasion.
Conclusion - In patients with moderate gingivitis, after 4 weeks use the WF is more effective than the IDB in obtaining marginal gingival health.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Aim To determine the efficacy of a water flosser (WF) compared to an interdental brush (IDB) in reducing gingival inflammation. Additionally, the products were compared on the incidence of gingival .....